1. 形象image
   1. VS. facts
      1. helps to build facts
   2. construction
      1. consumerism-related
         1. pre-media
            1. branding ~ reality
         2. after media
            1. distorted images
            2. fragmented images
2. Stereotype
   1. inevitable
      1. facts were partially built on
   2. process of categorization
   3. DF.
      1. categorization plus__
         1. homogeneity
            1. think of a group with no ifferences
         2. fixedness
            1. a way of thinking denying the possibility of changing
            2. how a society views males knowing cookery
         3. these traits offer__ to comfort ppl
            1. regularity
            2. predicability
   4. impacts to the society
      1. negative
         1. all behaviors from China would be hostile
      2. positive
         1. promoting travalism:Taiwanese ppl are friendly
   5. Fn.
      1. dominate
         1. negativity stereotyping could justify
            1. blame
            2. fear
      2. influence
         1. elites/ppl might use negativity to
            1. reinforce the existed power dominance
            2. Africans US= good singers/athelets
            3. they should focus on 'limited' openings
            4. they should be limited on 'body-focused' jobs
            5. while the whites will be better in brain-consuming jobs
            6. "self-fulfilling prophecy"
   6. Othering
      1. Concept of OTHER
         1. seem to replace stereotype in better application
         2. Stereotypes
            1. one-sided characterization of others
            2. process of presenting others
         3. concept of OTHERing
            1. complemntary to stereotyping
            2. unilinear mode of representing gp/things that are unlike US
            3. paying extra attention to the differences between us and the other
            4. naming/labelling sb/gp in reductive terms
            5. symbolic expulsion
            6. 'othering'
            7. ward off threat of disruption to stop from 'us' as the 'same together'
            8. preserve existing structure &relation of power
            9. need' evacuate history or possible change
            10. behind the shield of 'safe legitimacy'
            11. stereotypical other=denial of history
            12. myth=obscure the ceaseless making of the world
            13. stereotype operates through myths
            14. both= repressions of politics+history
            15. perpetuate social exclusion/ eco inequality
         4. consequence of stereotyping/othering
            1. have a normative effect on ppl, by making their norms natural, absolute and invariable
         5. features
            1. current
            2. ahistorical
            3. neglect recurrence and transformation
            4. Pickering suggestion
            5. follow the understanding of historical stereotype
            6. sedimented layers of past cultural practices
            7. construction of 'primitive'
            8. VS stereotypes
            9. replace
            10. complentary
            11. binary opposition
            12. structuralism
            13. subject vs. object
            14. center vs. margin
            15. mind vs. body
            16. some justify the colonial moves with this speration
            17. civilized(mind) conquer uncivilized(body)
            18. men vs. women
            19. gender studies
            20. west vs. rest
            21. colonial studies
            22. white vs. non-white
         6. concept of others goes beyond stereotypes
            1. it implements them in the social structure and relation of power
      2. Constructing the primitive
         1. the Primitive
         2. Darwin and otherness
            1. the primitive= conceptual opposite of the civilized
            2. Social Darwinism
            3. incorporating a static hierarchical model with a dynamic social development
         3. important scholars
            1. 西蒙波娃
            2. themes
            3. antinomic relation between categories
            4. one category defines itself by denying the characteristics of the other category
            5. ex
            6. men=essential, subjective
            7. women=inessential, not subjective
            8. gender as a social construct
            9. there's no esential feminine nature
            10. feminity is only an artificial construct
            11. Frantz Fanon
            12. analysis
            13. the question of others in the colonial context
            14. White VS Black category
            15. 'White is white, and white is not not-black."
      3. as a mean in forming nationalism
         1. othering= towards consolidating selfness
      4. Example of its application
         1. eugenics優生學
            1. used to justify genocide / discrimination
            2. sustain nationalism through 'seemingly-objective' discourse
            3. examples
            4. slavery
            5. genocide
   7. Nation Building
      1. Politics of Representation
         1. National Identity
            1. what is nation?
            2. an umbrella (overarching sense of identity)
            3. contain all ppl with nation
            4. Lee Yong Mi
            5. National identity is an awareness of difference.
            6. Anderson
            7. The uniqueness and universality of nations reinforce each other.
            8. Trump Card
            9. sovereignty of the nation constructs differences making US off agianst THEM
            10. + / -
            11. Postivism =Patriotism
            12. culture attached to the home land, national differences
            13. Nagative= Chauvinism
            14. National cultural pride, feeling superior
      2. Politics of Belonging
         1. beloning -association with nation
            1. belonging is the almost inexpressibly complex experience of culture
            2. provide he range within which individuality is possible
            3. Media's role in belonging
            4. tension-or-collusion between lived and mediated reality is central to the social and psychological process in which ppl become socially self-conscious
         2. difference between modern nation-state/nationalism
            1. modern nation-state
            2. 4 defined factors required
            3. nationalism
            4. sociological background
      3. Gellner on Nation
         1. before him
            1. nation is given, natural and unexplained
         2. Gellner
            1. nation is constructed, based on invented traditions/myths